The Definitive Database

The Pepper Encyclopedia

Browse 218+ pepper profiles by heat, flavor, origin, and kitchen use.

Popular: Jalapeno Habanero Carolina Reaper Ghost Pepper
Mixed pepper varieties arranged from mild to super-hot as a pepper encyclopedia overview
Visual: KnowThePepper

Related Pepper Paths

Jump from broad browsing into focused guides for salsa, stuffing, smoked flavor, and substitute planning.

Pepper of the Moment

Naga Viper

1.3M-1.4M SHU Super-Hot

Most superhots are conversation pieces. The Naga Viper is actually worth cooking with. At 1.3 to 1.4 million SHU, the…

View Full Profile
Naga Viper
Origin
England
Species
C. chinense
fruity fierce

The Science of Spice

Pepper heat is measured in Scoville Heat Units (SHU), a scale tied to capsaicin concentration and modern lab testing.

Heat still varies by soil, climate, plant stress, and ripeness, so each profile uses practical ranges instead of a single fixed number.

Scoville Scale Guide How SHU Testing Works
Current World Record
Pepper X
2,693,000 SHU
Certified by Guinness World Records, 2023

Heat Tier Quick-Nav

Extra-Hot Peppers

100K-350K SHU 34 varieties
Full Guide

Hot Peppers

30K-100K SHU 63 varieties
Full Guide

Medium Peppers

2.5K-30K SHU 48 varieties
Full Guide

Mild Peppers

0-2.5K SHU 45 varieties
Full Guide
Side-by-Side

Head-to-Head Comparisons

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What's in Each Pepper Profile

Heat & Flavor

Verified Scoville Heat Unit range, detailed flavor notes (fruity, smoky, earthy), and heat character (fast burn vs slow build).

Culinary Uses

Best dishes, cooking methods, sauce pairings, dried forms, and how heat changes with preparation.

Growing Info

Days to maturity, plant size, ideal temperature range, and species classification (C. annuum, C. chinense).

Substitutes

Top 3 alternatives ranked by heat similarity and flavor match, with conversion ratios for recipes.

Pepper Tools & Resources

Pepper Collections

Best for Hot Sauce

Top peppers for creating balanced, flavorful hot sauces.

Peppers for Beginners

Gentle heat, clear flavor, and approachable first-step varieties.

Dried Peppers

Smoke, fruit, and pantry depth from ancho, guajillo, chipotle, and more.

Best for Drying

Thin-walled peppers that dehydrate well and keep strong flavor.

Best for Pickling

Crunchy, reliable peppers that hold up in brine and vinegar.

Ornamental Peppers

Color-first varieties grown for containers, borders, and visual impact.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the hottest pepper in the world?
Pepper X holds the current Guinness World Record at 2.69 million SHU, certified in 2023. It surpassed the Carolina Reaper (2.2 million SHU), which held the record since 2013. Both were bred by Ed Currie. View the full ranking on our super-hot peppers page.
How are Scoville Heat Units (SHU) measured?
The original Scoville Organoleptic Test (1912) diluted pepper extract in sugar water until a panel could no longer detect heat. Modern testing uses High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to measure capsaicin concentration in parts per million, then converts to SHU. One part per million of capsaicin equals approximately 15 Scoville units.
Why do SHU ranges vary so much for the same pepper?
Heat levels vary with soil, water stress, ripeness, weather, and plant genetics. Jalapeno can range from 2,500 to 8,000 SHU.
What is the difference between C. annuum, C. chinense, and C. frutescens?
C. annuum includes jalapeno, bell pepper, cayenne, and serrano. C. chinense includes many superhots. C. frutescens includes tabasco and Thai peppers.

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Pepper Guides

Growing tips, cooking techniques, and in-depth guides for pepper enthusiasts.

Browse All Guides Heat Level Overview Pepper Substitutes